|
| Absolute |
| |
A measure having as its zero point or base the complete absence of the entity being measured.
|
|
| Absolute pressure |
| |
The pressure above zero absolute, i.e., the sum of atmospheric and gauge pressure. In vacuum related work it is usually expressed in millimeters, or inches, of mercury.
|
|
| Acceptance sampling |
| |
A statistical quality control method that seeks to determine the quality of a product by sampling a small portion of it. It does not assure that 100 percent of the product is acceptable, but reduces the likelihood of acceptance of a defective product.
|
|
| Accumulator |
| |
A container in which fluid (generally nitrogen) is stored under pressure as a source of fluid power.
|
|
| Acid Detergent Fibre (ADF) |
| |
The fibrous, least-digestible portion of roughage. ADF consists of the highly indigestible parts of the forage, including lignin, cellulose, silica and insoluble forms of nitrogen.
|
|
| Acid Detergent Insoluble Nitrogen (ADIN) |
| |
A measure of the nitrogen remaining in the acid detergent fibre residue of a feed sample. Usually considered to be an indicator of heat damage that can occur during storage or processing.
|
|
| Acid Detergent Insoluble Protein (ADIP) |
| |
Is the insoluble protein fraction, which is unavailable to the animal due to heat damage. Also referred to as acid detergent insoluble crude protein (ADICP).
|
|
| Acidification |
| |
When applied to feed is used to enhance the stomach acidity, reduce pH and salmonella infection as well as improving pig performance.
|
|
| Acre (a) |
| |
A unit of area used in English-speaking countries, equal to 4,840 square yards (0.405 hectares).
|
|
| Actuator |
| |
A device for converting pneumatic or hydraulic energy into mechanical energy. A motor or cylinder.
|
|
| Additives |
| |
Pharmaceutical or nutritional substances that are not natural feedstuffs, which are added to made-up and stored feeds for various purposes. Chiefly to control infectious disease, promote growth, feed preservation or flavour.
|
|
| Adhesive |
| |
A substance capable of holding materials together by surface attachment. It is a general term and includes cements, mucilage, and paste, as well as glue.
|
|
| Aerobic |
| |
Requiring oxygen.
|
|
| Agri-business |
| |
The group of industries dealing with agricultural produce and services to agriculture.
|
|
| Agriculture |
| |
Anything having to do with farming (raising crops or livestock for food, fibre or fur; or the industry which includes marketing, processing and trade in these products).
|
|
| Air dry basis |
| |
A parameter of stating the nutrient value of feed ingredients or feed that has naturally dried in the open air until it can not dry or dissipate any more moisture (usually around 10-12% moisture).
|
|
| Alfalfa |
| |
A valuable leguminous crop for forage or hay used in livestock feeding.
|
|
| Amino acids |
| |
Building blocks of protein, linked together by peptide bonds. The quality of a protein, in terms of its value as an animal feed, depends upon its content of essential amino acids.
|
|
| Amplifier |
| |
A device for amplifying the error signal sufficiently to cause actuation of the stroke control. Several types of servo amplifiers are used at the present time: electronic (DC, AC, phase sensitive, and magnetic) and mechanical.
|
|
| Amplitude of sound |
| |
The loudness of a sound.
|
|
| Anaerobic |
| |
Without oxygen.
|
|
| Analog |
| |
A continuous range of numbers or values.
|
|
| Angle of Repose |
| |
The maximum angle measured in degrees at which a pile of grain or other granular material retains its slope.
|
|
| Animal by-products |
| |
As raw material these are all the animal tissues from the livestock industry which are not for direct use as human food. After rendering, for example, they become products such as meat and bone meal (MBM), blood meal, tallow and animal fats.
|
|
| Animal feed (Agrifeed) |
| |
Edible material that provides nourishment in the form of energy and for building tissues. Contributes to the normal physiological function and metabolic homeostasis of an organism, by the oral provision of nutrients to any kind or class of animal.
|
|
| Animal nutrition |
| |
The science of dietary foods for animals, providing the basis on which to formulate a complete and balanced food intake in accordance with the animal's needs.
|
|
| Animal unit |
| |
A standard measure based on feed requirements, used to combine various classes of livestock according to size, weight, age and use.
|
|
| Anisotropic |
| |
Exhibiting different properties when measured along different axes. In general, fibrous materials such as wood are anisotropic.
|
|
| Annular area |
| |
A ring shaped area - often refers to the net effective area of the rod side of a cylinder piston, i.e., the piston area minus the cross-sectional area of the rod.
|
|
| Antibiotics |
| |
Substances produced by living organisms, such as molds, which inhibit the growth or reproduction of other bacteria or kill them. Added to animal feed to help prevent the spread of diseases when animals are kept in crowded conditions, and because animals which take antibiotics grow more rapidly.
|
|
| Antimicrobial |
| |
An agent that kills bacteria or suppresses their multiplication or growth, including antibiotics and synthetic agents.
|
|
| Aquaculture |
| |
The farming of aquatic organisms including fish, molluscs, crustaceans and aquatic plants with some sort of intervention in the rearing process to enhance production, such as regular stocking, feeding, protection from predators, etc.
|
|
| As fed basis |
| |
Weight of the feed or ingredient before drying (including moisture content). Also referred to by the terms: as-fed, as-is or as-received.
|
|
| Atmospheric pressure |
| |
Pressure exerted by the atmosphere at any specific location. (Sea level pressure is approximately 14.7 pounds per square inch absolute.)
|
|
| Average daily gain |
| |
Pounds (kg) of live weight gained per day.
|
|
| Axial force |
| |
A push (compression) or pull (tension) acting along the length of a member, expressed in kilonewtons (pounds).
|
|
| Axial stress |
| |
The axial force acting at a point along the length of a member divided by the cross-sectional area of a member, expressed in kilopascals (pounds per square inch).
|
|
| Back connected |
| |
A condition where pipe connections are on normally unexposed surfaces of hydraulic equipment. (Gasket mounted units are back connected.)
|
|
| Back pressure |
| |
A pressure in series. Usually refers to pressure existing on the discharge side of a load. It adds to the pressure required to move the load.
|
|
| Backgrounding |
| |
Growing program for feeder cattle from the time calves are weaned until they are on a finishing ration in the feedlot. Backgrounding is the management process of feeding the stocker animal.
|
|
| Baghouse |
| |
An air pollution control device that captures particulate in filter bags.
|
|
| Balanced ration |
| |
To be balanced a ration must contain the 5 essential elements - water, protein, energy, vitamins and minerals in the proper amount and ratios for the species being fed.
|
|
| Barley |
| |
A cereal crop grown mainly for malting and as an animal feed.
|
|
| Batch rendering |
| |
The traditional method of rendering whereby discrete quantities of shredded raw animal by-products are cooked/dried in a closed vessel, either under pressure or, more normally under atmospheric conditions
|
|
| Bearings |
| |
A part on which the arbor, pivot, pin, or the like, turns or revolves.
|
|
| Beets |
| |
Typically for human consumption, however varieties of beets (Beta vulgaris) have been developed specifically to provide feed for cattle.
|
|
| Belt |
| |
Part of the conveyor on which pieces of wood are displaced.
|
|
| Bight |
| |
A work area made hazardous by a line or equipment under tension.
|
|
| Biodegradable |
| |
Something that breaks down to its component parts in the environment.
|
|
| Biomass |
| |
The quantity of biological matter of one or more species present on a unit area. With respect to trees, biomass can be expressed in terms of various components (wood, bark, foliage, roots, etc.) of all trees on a unit area or of a single tree; biomass quantities of trees are commonly expressed on an oven-dry weight basis.
|
|
| Biomass boiler |
| |
Biomass boilers burn bark, sander dust and other wood-related scrap not usable in product production. Also called "hogged fuel" boilers, biomass boilers make steam and heat for mill use.
|
|
| Biotechnology |
| |
The use of technology, based on living systems, to develop processes and products for commercial, scientific, or other purposes. These include specific techniques of plant regeneration and gene manipulation and transfer (see also genetic engineering).
|
|
| Bit |
| |
The smallest unit of memory in a computer. A bit is a single digit and can only have the values 0 or 1. Bits are combined into words of memory.
|
|
| Bleed-off |
| |
To divert a specific controllable portion of hydraulic pump delivery directly to reservoir.
|
|
| Blood Meal |
| |
The dried and powdered blood of animals, used in animal feeds and as a nitrogen-rich fertilizer for plants. Usually comes from cattle as a slaughterhouse by-product.
|
|
| Boiler |
| |
Steam generation equipment.
|
|
| Bond strength |
| |
The unit load applied in tension, compression, flexure, cleavage, or shear, required to break an adhesive assembly, with failure occurring in or near the plane of the bond.
|
|
| Bone Meal |
| |
Bone meal is a white powder made by grinding either raw or steamed animal bones. A product of the rendering industry that is used as an organic fertilizer for plants and in animal feed. In most parts of the world, bone meal is no longer allowed in feed for ruminant animals (fear of spread of BSE, mad cow disease).
|
|
| Bone-dry ton (BDT) |
| |
Material that weighs 2,000 pounds at zero percent moisture content. Also known as an Ovendry ton or Bone Dry Metric Ton.
|
|
| Bone-dry unit (BDU) |
| |
A quantity of wood residue that would weigh 2,400 pounds at zero percent moisture content.
|
|
| Braze |
| |
As in welding, a method of adhering or soldering carbide or other hard metal teeth inserts, or joining pieces of metal.
|
|
| Breather |
| |
A device which permits air to move in and out of a container or component to maintain atmospheric pressure.
|
|
| British thermal unit (Btu) |
| |
The quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit.
|
|
| Buteric silage |
| |
Silage that is too wet and does not ferment properly.
|
|
| By-pass protein |
| |
Refers to the portion of intake protein in a feed that is not broken down in the rumen but is digested directly in the small intestine. Also referred to as undegradable intake protein (UIP), rumen undegradable protein (RUP) or escape protein.
|
|
| Byproduct |
| |
Product of considerably less value than the major product. For example, the hide and offal are byproducts, while beef is the major product.
|
|
| Cake |
| |
Cake is the main source of protein in animal feed. Produced by extracting vegetable oils from various oilseeds: soya, rapeseed, sunflower, copra, sesame, etc. leaving a product, generally rich in protein.
|
|
| Calibration |
| |
1. Adjusting the control or recording equipment to reflect the actual control or recording
temperatures.
2. Procedures that involve scanning an object of known size. Calibration is used to adjust
scanner readings for greater accuracy.
|
|
| Calorific value |
| |
The potential heat-production value of a wood source. Depends on the cellulose-lignin ratio, the percentage of extractives, and the moisture content.
|
|
| Can velocity |
| |
The velocity of the gas in the passages between the filter units in the filter house of a gas filter.
|
|
| Canola |
| |
The American name for oilseed rape, an arable crop grown for the extraction of oil from the seeds. Canola (rapeseed) meal, a byproduct of the oil extraction process is used as a high-protein animal feed.
|
|
| Capillary action |
| |
The combination of solid-liquid adhesion and surface tension by which liquid moves through a cellular structure.
|
|
| Capital cost |
| |
The total investment needed to complete a project and bring it to a commercially operable status. The cost of construction of a new plant or the expenditures for the purchase/acquisition of existing facilities.
|
|
| Carbohydrates |
| |
Chemical compounds containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. In plants they can be divided into those that serve as storage and energy reserves and those that are structural. A major source of energy in livestock feeds.
|
|
| Carnivores |
| |
Animals that feed on other animals or material of animal origin.
|
|
| Cartridge |
| |
1. The replaceable element of a fluid filter.
2. The pumping unit from a vane pump, composed of the rotor, ring, vanes and one or both side
plates.
|
|
| Cavitation |
| |
A localized gaseous condition within a liquid stream which occurs where the pressure is reduced to the vapor pressure.
|
|
| Cellulose |
| |
One of the major structural materials in the plant cell walls that can be utilized by microorganisms in the rumen.
|
|
| Celsius (C) |
| |
The international temperature scale in which water freezes at 0 and boils at 100 under normal atmospheric conditions. °C = (°F - 32) ÷ 1.8.
|
|
| Centimetre (cm) |
| |
A metric unit of length equal to one hundredth of a metre. 2.54 cm is equal to one inch.
|
|
| Centrifugal force |
| |
The force which impels a thing, or parts of a thing, outward from a center of rotation.
|
|
| Chaff |
| |
The empty pods or scale-like seed covers which are separated from the grain in the threshing and cleaning operation.
|
|
| Channel |
| |
A fluid passage, the length of which is large with respect to its cross-sectional dimension.
|
|
| Charge (supercharge) |
| |
1. To replenish a hydraulic system above atmospheric pressure.
2. To fill an accumulator with fluid under pressure. (See Precharge pressure)
|
|
| Charge pressure |
| |
The pressure at which replenishing fluid is forced into the hydraulic system (above atmospheric pressure).
|
|
| Check valve |
| |
A valve which permits flow of fluid in one direction only.
|
|
| Chelated Mineral |
| |
A mineral such as copper or zinc that is bonded by two or more chemical bonds with peptides or amino acids. Each has a varying level of absorption and efficacy.
|
|
| Chick Crumbs |
| |
Small particles of specially formulated feed suitable for very young poultry.
|
|
| Circuit |
| |
An arrangement of components interconnected to perform a specific function within a system.
|
|
| Closed center valve |
| |
One in which all ports are blocked in the center or neutral position.
|
|
| Closed loop |
| |
A system in which the output of one or more elements is compared to some other signal to provide an actuating signal to control the output of the loop.
|
|
| Co-gen operation |
| |
Refers to the production of usable steam and electricity using a particular kind of fuel (for example, woodchips, oil, coal, hydro).
|
|
| Cogeneration |
| |
The process of burning fuel to produce electricity and usable steam.
|
|
| Colostrum |
| |
The first type of milk secreted by a mammal, for the first three to four days after birth. Contains high levels of protein, vitamins, antibodies, etc.
|
|
| Column |
| |
A free standing axially loaded compression member, usually vertical.
|
|
| Command signal (or input signal) |
| |
An external signal to which the servo must respond.
|
|
| Compensator control |
| |
A displacement control for variable pumps and motors which alters displacement in response to pressure changes in the system as related to its adjusted pressure setting.
|
|
| Complete feed |
| |
A ration that provides all the nutrients required. This can be purchased or it can be made up on farm.
|
|
| Composites |
| |
Built-up, bonded products consisting wholly of natural wood, or in combination with metals, plastics, etc.
|
|
| Compound feed |
| |
Any feed produced by an animal feed manufacturer. It may be a complete or a supplementary feed.
|
|
| Compressibility |
| |
The change in volume of a unit volume of a fluid when it is subjected to a unit change in pressure.
|
|
| Computer simulations |
| |
Computer software that models actions or occurrences in the real world.
|
|
| Concentrates |
| |
Feeds high in energy, low in fibre and highly digestible, for example, barley, oats, wheat, canola meal, soybean meal and molasses.
|
|
| Conditioners |
| |
Equipment that improves compressibility and binding of feed mixtures by controlling variables such as heat, moisture and time.
|
|
| Continuous rendering |
| |
Most common method of rendering whereby a continuous flow of shredded raw animal by-products are cooked/dried.
|
|
| Control |
| |
A device used to regulate the function of a unit (See Hydraulic control, Manual control, Mechanical control, and Compensator control).
|
|
| Control console |
| |
Fabricated metal cabinet housing buttons and switches for the control of a machine center.
|
|
| Control valve |
| |
A device that controls the flow of liquids or gases.
|
|
| Conventional Chemical “West Chemistry” Analysis |
| |
Traditional laboratory methods used to analyze feed samples involving various chemical, drying, burning procedures to determine the major chemical components within the feed sample.
|
|
| Cookers |
| |
Cookers are used in aquafeeds for steaming/cooking feeds to assist with water stability through starch gelatinisation.
|
|
| Coolers |
| |
Coolers/Dryers reduce the temperature of feed pellets to ambient(or less) and/or reduce the moisture content to 10-12%(or less). Two basic types exist, horizontal and vertical.
|
|
| Copra Meal |
| |
Is the dried meat, or kernel, of the coconut. Used as an animal feed especially among horse enthusiasts.
|
|
| Corn |
| |
Also known as Maize, is a cereal grain. In the United States and Canada, the primary use for maize is as a feed for livestock, forage, silage or grain.
|
|
| Cottonseed Hulls |
| |
Parts of the cottonseed head that is left after the cotton and meal have been extracted. Normally considered to be a very low quality feed for ruminants.
|
|
| Cottonseed Meal |
| |
The byproduct remaining after cotton lint is removed, the seeds crushed and the oil extracted. The remaining meal is usually used for animal feed. However, the meal contains a compound called gossypol which at a certain levels can only be tolerated by adult ruminants.
|
|
| Cottonseed Whole |
| |
Whole cottonseed may be used as a feed for mature cattle. It is usually soaked in water and fed in small quantities as a supplement to green feed.
|
|
| Counterbalance valve |
| |
A pressure control valve which maintains back pressure to prevent a load from falling.
|
|
| Counterbore depth |
| |
Counterbore depth
Also known as Relief. Refers to different shapes and depth configurations of the outlets of a pellet die hole. Types include: Straight/Standard, Tapered and Variable Counterbore.
|
|
| Countersunk inlet |
| |
Inlets in a pellet die that have been countersunk, normally 55 to 60 degrees. Acts to encourage material into the holes of the pellet die.
|
|
| Cracking pressure |
| |
The pressure at which a pressure actuated valve begins to pass fluid.
|
|
| Crude fibre |
| |
A chemical method used to describe the indigestible portion of plant material. Not a useful value for analyzing feeds for ruminants but still commonly used for monogastrics.
|
|
| Crude Protein |
| |
The total amount of protein present as calculated from the total nitrogen present.
|
|
| Crumblers |
| |
A crumbler is a roller mill with rolls specially designed for breaking up pellets into smaller particles. Usually the crumbler consists of two corrugated rolls situated below the cooler/drier exit.
|
|
| Cud |
| |
A mouthful of previously swallowed food, regurgitated from the first stomach of ruminants. The cud is then chewed again further breaking it down for digestion.
|
|
| Cure |
| |
To change the properties of an adhesive by chemical reaction (which may be condensation, polymerization, or vulcanization) and thereby develop maximum strength. Usually accomplished by the action of heat or a catalyst with or without pressure.
|
|
| Cushion |
| |
A device sometimes built into the ends of a hydraulic or pneumatic cylinder which restricts the flow of fluid at the outlet port, thereby arresting the motion of the piston rod.
|
|
| Cylinder |
| |
A device which converts fluid power or air into linear mechanical force and motion. It usually consists of a movable element such as a piston and piston rod, plunger rod, plunger or ram, operating within a cylindrical bore.
|
|
| De-superheater |
| |
A device for removing the excess heat in steam as its pressure is reduced.
|
|
| De-vent |
| |
To close the vent connection of a pressure control valve permitting the valve to function at its adjusted pressure setting.
|
|
| Deadband |
| |
The region or band of no response where an error signal will not cause a corresponding actuation of the controlled variable.
|
|
| Decompression |
| |
The slow release of confined fluid to gradually reduce pressure on the fluid.
|
|
| Deficient (deficiencies) |
| |
Short of certain nutrients.
|
|
| Dehusked |
| |
To remove the outer layer (chaff) on grain.
|
|
| Delta |
| |
The amount of change in a number, size or position.
|
|
| Density |
| |
When applied to feed rations, describes the amount of nutrients within a measurement unit of the total ration.
|
|
| Diet |
| |
The total amount of feed ingredients (or mixture of ingedients) and drink for an animal.
|
|
| Differential current |
| |
The algebraic summation of the current in the torque motor; measured in MA (milliamperes).
|
|
| Differential cylinder |
| |
Any cylinder in which the two opposed piston areas are not equal.
|
|
| Diffusion |
| |
Movement of moisture from areas of high to low concentration or temperature.
|
|
| Digestible |
| |
Ration easily digested by the animal.
|
|
| Digestible Dry Matter (DDM) |
| |
Is an estimate of digestible fibre in a forage sample. Different formulas are used to calculate this value depending on the laboratory.
|
|
| Digestible Energy (DE) |
| |
Is the gross intake energy minus the fecal energy. An indication of the actual amount of energy the animal has available for use.
|
|
| Digestible Protein (DCP) |
| |
The amount of crude protein actually absorbed by the animal (crude protein minus the protein lost in feces).
|
|
| Digestion |
| |
Refers to all changes that feed undergoes within the digestive tract, with the end result being that the broken down products are absorbed from the digestive tract for use by the animal.
|
|
| Diluent |
| |
An edible substance used to mix with and reduce the concentrate of nutrients and/or additives to make them more acceptable to animals, safer to use and more capable of being mixed uniformly in a feed.
|
|
| Directional valve |
| |
A valve which selectively directs or prevents fluid flow to desired channels.
|
|
| Displacement |
| |
The quantity of fluid which can pass through a pump, motor or cylinder in a single revolution or stroke.
|
|
| Dither |
| |
A low amplitude, relatively high frequency periodic electrical signal, sometimes superimposed on the servo valve input to improve system resolution. Dither is expressed by the dither frequency (Hz) and the peak-to-peak dither current amplitude (ma).
|
|
| Double sheave |
| |
A pulley block with two grooved wheels.
|
|
| Drain |
| |
A passage in, or a line from, a hydraulic component which returns leakage fluid independently to reservoir or to a vented manifold.
|
|
| Drive pulley |
| |
The first of a train of wheels, giving motion to the rest.
|
|
| Dry feeds |
| |
Complete feeds, hay and supplements - feeds that are around 90% dry matter.
|
|
| Dry matter (DM) |
| |
Total weight of feed minus the weight of water in the feed, expressed as a percentage. Also referred to as: dry, dry basis, dry result or moisture-free basis.
|
|
| Dry Matter Intake (DMI) |
| |
All the nutrients contained in the dry portion of the feed consumed by animals.
|
|
| Dryers |
| |
Dryers/Coolers reduce the temperature of feed pellets to ambient(or less) and/or reduce the moisture content to 10-12%(or less). Two basic types exist, horizontal and vertical.
|
|
| Efficiency |
| |
The ratio of output to input. Volumetric efficiency of a pump is the actual output in gpm divided by the theoretical or design output. The overall efficiency of a hydraulic system is the output power divided by the input power. Efficiency is usually expressed as a percent.
|
|
| Electro-hydraulic servo valve |
| |
A directional type valve which receives a variable or controlled electrical signal and which controls or meters hydraulic flow.
|
|
| Elevator |
| |
A building or terminal where grain is elevated and transferred to an alternate mode of transportation (e.g. truck to rail, rail to ship).
|
|
| Encoder |
| |
Device attached to a moving chain that produces an electrical signal each time the chain moves a fixed distance. The encoder is attached to the chain and used to track the movement of the pieces through a scanner.
|
|
| Energy |
| |
The ability or capacity to do work. Measured in units of work.
|
|
| Error (signal) |
| |
The signal which is the albraic summation of an input signal and a feedback signal.
|
|
| Eutrophic |
| |
Nutrient enriched.
|
|
| Eutrophication |
| |
The process of nutrient enrichment.
|
|
| Evaporate |
| |
Changing water from a liquid to a vapor form.
|
|
| Excess air |
| |
Refers to the quantity of air supplied that exceeds the minimum necessary to support the combustion chemistry.
|
|
| Expander |
| |
Equipment to process feed ingredients prior to pelleting where moisture, pressure, and temperature are used to gelatinize the starch portion. The net result is increased nutritional and sensoric properties of the feed.
|
|
| Extruded |
| |
A process by which feed has been pressed, pushed or protruded through orifices under pressure.
|
|
| Extruders |
| |
Essentially a long barrel with a screw auger inside which is designed to subject feed mixtures to high heat and steam pressure. Allows feed to be made with many different characteristics.
|
|
| Fahrenheit (F) |
| |
The temperature scale in which water freezes at 32 degrees F and boils at 212 degrees F under normal atmospheric conditions. °F = (°C x 1.8) + 32.
|
|
| Fan pitch |
| |
The angle of the fan blades measured one-third of the fan radius in from the tip.
|
|
| Fans, variable-speed |
| |
Fans whose motors turn at infinitely variable speeds by varying the line frequency of the power source.
|
|
| Farm-made Feed |
| |
Feeds consisting of one or more artificial and/or natural feedstuffs, produced for the exclusive use of a particular farming activity, not for commercial sale or profit.
|
|
| Fat sprayer |
| |
Equipment that applies liquid fat and/or flavors to the outer surface of feed. Types include vacuum infusion, high speed mixing, nozzles/rotating reels and curtain/spinning discs.
|
|
| Fed cattle |
| |
Steers and heifers that have been fed concentrates, usually for 90-120 days in a feedlot.
|
|
| Feed |
| |
Edible material that provides nourishment in the form of energy and for building tissues. Contributes to the normal physiological function and metabolic homeostasis of an organism, by the oral provision of nutrients to any kind or class of animal.
|
|
| Feed blocks |
| |
Nutritional materials pressed into a block form which animals lick or nibble. Used usually as a vehicle for protein and mineral-vitamin mixes with a variable amount of carbohydrate in the form of cereal grain or molasses.
|
|
| Feed budget |
| |
Comparison of feed required with feed available and likely to be grown during the time of the budget projection.
|
|
| Feed Contaminant |
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A substance contaminating animal feed and can threaten animal and/or human health. Contaminants can be naturally or non naturally occurring.
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| Feed conversion |
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Units of production (lb or kg weight gain) per unit of feed fed (lb or kg weight of feed fed) during a specified time period.
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| Feed efficiency |
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The amount of feed required to produce one unit of product, such as pounds (kg) of feed to produce one pound (kg) body weight gain, or one pound (kg) of milk or one dozen eggs. Also referred to as feed conversion rate (FCR).
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| Feed formula |
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The list of ingredients and their inclusion levels that are required to make up a ration.
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| Feed grade |
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Said of a consignment of grain. Suitable for animal feed but not for human consumption.
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| Feed grain |
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Any of several grains most commonly used for livestock or poultry feed, including corn, grain sorghum, oats, rye, and barley.
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| Feed ingredient group |
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Ingredients fall into different categories - i.e. grain, forage, protein, fat, vitamin or mineral.
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| Feed label (feed tag) |
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The details of a specific ration that should contain information such as: animal the feed is designed to be fed to, ration purpose, nutrient levels, ingredients, feeding rate, special warnings, batch number.
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| Feed management |
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The attention to detail on all aspects of feeding an animal.
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| Feed mill |
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A place where animal feeds are manufactured.
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| Feed poisoning |
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A group of acute illnesses due to ingestion of contaminated food. It may result from allergy, toxemia from foods such as those inherently poisonous or those contaminated by poisons, foods containing poisons formed by bacteria or bloodborne infections.
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| Feed speed |
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The speed of a machine centre (canter, planer, etc.) usually expressed in feet per minute.
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| Feed standards |
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Sets of tables published by the National Research Council/National Academy of Sciences giving the amounts of each nutrient required by an animal for body maintenance, growth and production.
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| Feedback (or feedback signal) |
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The output signal from a feedback element.
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| Feedback loop |
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Any closed circuit consisting of one or more forward elements and one or more feedback elements.
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| Feeding rate |
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The amount in pounds or kilos that a specific animal must be fed per day.
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| Feedlot |
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Enterprise in which cattle are fed grain and other concentrates for usually 90-120 days. Feedlots range in size from less than 100-head capacity to many thousands.
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| Feedstock |
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A material used as a raw material in an industrial process.
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| Field corn |
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Any variety of corn that is grown extensively in large fields primarily for livestock feed, as contrasted with the horticultural varieties, such as sweet corn or popcorn. Most field corn is of the dent variety.
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| Filter |
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A device whose primary function is the retention by a porous media of insoluble contaminants from a fluid.
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| Finished cattle |
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Fed cattle whose time in the feedlot is completed and are now ready for slaughter.
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| Fishmeal (Fish Meal) |
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A protein-rich meal made from processing whole fish (usually small oily and bony fish such as menhaden or anchovy) and its byproducts. Fishmeal is used as an ingredient in animal feed.
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| Flow control valve |
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A valve which controls the rate of oil flow.
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| Flow rate |
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The volume, mass, or weight of a fluid passing through any conductor per unit of time.
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| Fluid |
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1. A liquid or gas.
2. A liquid that is specially compounded for use as a power-transmitting medium in a hydraulic
system.
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| Fodder |
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Any foodstuff used to specifically feed livestock. The food is given to the animals rather than having to forage for themselves. Includes hay, straw, silage, pelleted feeds, oils, mixed rations, etc.
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| Follow valve |
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A control valve which ports oil to an actuator so the resulting output motion is proportional to the input motion to the valve.
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| Food grain |
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Cereal seeds most commonly used for human food, chiefly wheat and rice.
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| Foot (ft) |
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A linear unit of length equal to 12 inches or a third of a yard (0.3048 m).
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| FOPS |
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Falling object protective structure.
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| Forage |
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Feedstuffs composed primarily of the whole plant, including stems and leaves eaten by grazing animals. Includes grasses and legumes (clovers).
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| Force |
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Any push or pull measured in units of weight. In hydraulics, total force is expressed by the product P (force per unit area) and the area of the surface on which the pressure acts. F = P x A.
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| Four-way valve |
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A directional valve having four flow paths.
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| FPM |
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Feet per minute.
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| Frequency |
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1. The number of cycles per second of alternating current (example: 60 cycles per second or 60
hertz per second).
2. The number of times an action occurs in a unit of time. Frequency is the basis of all sound.
A pump or motor's basic frequency is equal to its speed in revolutions per second multiplied
by the number of pumping chambers.
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| Front connected |
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A condition wherein piping connections are on normally exposed surfaces of hydraulic components.
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| Front end loader |
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A mobile machine mounted on a wheeled or tracked chassis, equipped with a grapple, tuck, bucket, or fork-lift device, and employed in the loading, unloading, stacking, or sorting of logs or materials.
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| Full flow |
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In a filter, the condition where all the fluid must pass through the filter element or medium.
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| Gallon (gal) |
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A unit of volume. A US gallon is equal to 4 quarts or 231 cubic inches (approximately 3.79 liters). A British imperial gallon is equal to four quarts or 4.55 liters.
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| Gastric |
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Of, or relating to, the stomach.
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| Gauge pressure |
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A pressure scale which ignores atmospheric pressure. Its zero point is 14.7 psi absolute.
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| Gelatinized (Gelatinizing) |
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Process where starch granules are completely ruptured by a combination of moisture, heat and pressure, and in some instances, by mechanical shear.
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| Genetic Engineering |
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The science of modifying the genetic constitution of plants and animals directly.
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| Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) |
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A GMO is a new organism resulting from foreign DNA being inserted into the genome of a given species. As a result, this species takes on an inherited characteristic coded in the transplanted DNA. The main plants concerned are corn, soya, cotton and rapeseed.
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| Glue |
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Originally, a hard gelatin obtained from hides, tendons, cartilage, bones, etc., of animals. Also, an adhesive prepared from this substance by heating with water. Through general use the term is now synonymous with the term "Adhesive".
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| Grain |
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The edible, hard seed or kernel from cereal plants such as wheat, barley, corn, oat and rye.
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| Grain Auger |
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A machine used to move or elevate grain from one place to another (e.g. from a truck to a bin).
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| Gram (g) |
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A metric unit of weight equal to one thousandth of a kilogram; one ounce is approximately 28 grams.
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| Grass |
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A narrow-leafed plant with seed-like grains grown for lawns and also used for pasture or grazing material for animals.
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| Graze (Grazing) |
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Animals eating grass in a field.
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| Greenhouse gases |
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Gases that provide an insulating effect in the earth's atmosphere, potentially leading to global climate change. These gases include carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone, and water vapour.
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| Gross Energy (GE) |
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The total energy in a feed. Not a very useful measure since the gross energy in most common feeds is about the same.
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| Hammermill |
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Equipment used to reduce particle size. Achieved by impact with swinging hammers.
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| Hammermill rods |
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Rods inside the hammermill, which the hammers attach to.
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| Hammermill screens |
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Perforated screens inside a hammermill used to separate particle sizes. Particles successfully reduced by the hammer mill pass through the screen and leave the hammer mill with the aid of a pneumatic system.
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| Haulm |
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The stems and leaves of a crop left after harvest.
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| Hay |
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A mature grass or legume that has been cut and allowed to dry in the field. After drying it is stored and used for animal feed when pasture/rangeland is not available for grazing.
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| Hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) |
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A system which identifies, evaluates and controls hazards which are significant for food safety.
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| Head |
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The height of a column or body of fluid above a given point expressed in linear units. Head is often used to indicate gage pressure. Pressure is equal to the height times the density of the fluid.
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| Heat |
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The form of energy that has the capacity to create warmth or to increase the temperature of a substance. Any energy that is wasted or used to overcome friction is converted to heat. Heat is measured in calories or British thermal units (Btu's). One Btu is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit.
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| Heat Damage |
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The result of heating in feeds that essentially binds nitrogen to the fibre portion of the feed making it partially or wholly unavailable. The net effect is reduced feed quality or feeding value.
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| Heat exchanger |
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A device which transfers heat through a conducting wall from one fluid to another.
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| Heat increment of feeding |
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The heat produced when feed is ingested and utilized.
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| Heat treatment |
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A process in which heat is used to treat compound feed in order to reduce the microbial load and to eliminate pathogenic germs such as salmonella.
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| Hectare (ha) |
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A metric unit of area, 100 metres by 100 metres (10,000 square metres); equivalent to 2.471 acres.
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| Helical |
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Spiral-shaped: in the shape of a helix or spiral.
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| Hemicellulose |
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The polysaccharide fraction existing in the cell wall of the plant. It is similar to cellulose but is only partially digestible in the rumen.
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| Herbivores |
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Animals that feed on plant material.
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| Hertz (Hz) |
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Unit of frequency; equal to one cycle per second (cps).
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| Hog fuel |
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Waste wood that is used for generation of heat and process energy; made by reducing bark to a usable size.
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| Holocellulose |
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The total carbohydrate fraction of a plant. That is, cellulose plus hemicellulose.
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| Hopper |
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A funnel shaped bin used to store grain or pelleted feed.
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| Horsepower (hp) |
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The power required to lift 550 pounds one foot in one second or 33,000 pounds one foot in one minute. A horsepower is equal to 746 watts or to 42.2 British thermal units per minute.
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| Husbandry |
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Economic management of a farm; care, cultivation and breeding of crops and animals.
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| Hydraulic |
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