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| Cake |
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Cake is the main source of protein in animal feed. Produced by extracting vegetable oils from various oilseeds: soya, rapeseed, sunflower, copra, sesame, etc. leaving a product, generally rich in protein.
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| Calibration |
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1. Adjusting the control or recording equipment to reflect the actual control or recording
temperatures.
2. Procedures that involve scanning an object of known size. Calibration is used to adjust
scanner readings for greater accuracy.
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| Calorific value |
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The potential heat-production value of a wood source. Depends on the cellulose-lignin ratio, the percentage of extractives, and the moisture content.
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| Can velocity |
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The velocity of the gas in the passages between the filter units in the filter house of a gas filter.
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| Canola |
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The American name for oilseed rape, an arable crop grown for the extraction of oil from the seeds. Canola (rapeseed) meal, a byproduct of the oil extraction process is used as a high-protein animal feed.
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| Capillary action |
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The combination of solid-liquid adhesion and surface tension by which liquid moves through a cellular structure.
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| Capital cost |
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The total investment needed to complete a project and bring it to a commercially operable status. The cost of construction of a new plant or the expenditures for the purchase/acquisition of existing facilities.
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| Carbohydrates |
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Chemical compounds containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. In plants they can be divided into those that serve as storage and energy reserves and those that are structural. A major source of energy in livestock feeds.
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| Carnivores |
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Animals that feed on other animals or material of animal origin.
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| Cartridge |
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1. The replaceable element of a fluid filter.
2. The pumping unit from a vane pump, composed of the rotor, ring, vanes and one or both side
plates.
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| Cavitation |
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A localized gaseous condition within a liquid stream which occurs where the pressure is reduced to the vapor pressure.
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| Cellulose |
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One of the major structural materials in the plant cell walls that can be utilized by microorganisms in the rumen.
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| Celsius (C) |
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The international temperature scale in which water freezes at 0 and boils at 100 under normal atmospheric conditions. °C = (°F - 32) ÷ 1.8.
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| Centimetre (cm) |
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A metric unit of length equal to one hundredth of a metre. 2.54 cm is equal to one inch.
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| Centrifugal force |
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The force which impels a thing, or parts of a thing, outward from a center of rotation.
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| Chaff |
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The empty pods or scale-like seed covers which are separated from the grain in the threshing and cleaning operation.
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| Channel |
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A fluid passage, the length of which is large with respect to its cross-sectional dimension.
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| Charge (supercharge) |
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1. To replenish a hydraulic system above atmospheric pressure.
2. To fill an accumulator with fluid under pressure. (See Precharge pressure)
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| Charge pressure |
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The pressure at which replenishing fluid is forced into the hydraulic system (above atmospheric pressure).
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| Check valve |
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A valve which permits flow of fluid in one direction only.
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| Chelated Mineral |
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A mineral such as copper or zinc that is bonded by two or more chemical bonds with peptides or amino acids. Each has a varying level of absorption and efficacy.
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| Chick Crumbs |
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Small particles of specially formulated feed suitable for very young poultry.
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| Circuit |
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An arrangement of components interconnected to perform a specific function within a system.
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| Closed center valve |
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One in which all ports are blocked in the center or neutral position.
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| Closed loop |
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A system in which the output of one or more elements is compared to some other signal to provide an actuating signal to control the output of the loop.
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| Co-gen operation |
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Refers to the production of usable steam and electricity using a particular kind of fuel (for example, woodchips, oil, coal, hydro).
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| Cogeneration |
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The process of burning fuel to produce electricity and usable steam.
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| Colostrum |
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The first type of milk secreted by a mammal, for the first three to four days after birth. Contains high levels of protein, vitamins, antibodies, etc.
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| Column |
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A free standing axially loaded compression member, usually vertical.
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| Command signal (or input signal) |
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An external signal to which the servo must respond.
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| Compensator control |
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A displacement control for variable pumps and motors which alters displacement in response to pressure changes in the system as related to its adjusted pressure setting.
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| Complete feed |
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A ration that provides all the nutrients required. This can be purchased or it can be made up on farm.
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| Composites |
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Built-up, bonded products consisting wholly of natural wood, or in combination with metals, plastics, etc.
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| Compound feed |
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Any feed produced by an animal feed manufacturer. It may be a complete or a supplementary feed.
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| Compressibility |
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The change in volume of a unit volume of a fluid when it is subjected to a unit change in pressure.
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| Computer simulations |
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Computer software that models actions or occurrences in the real world.
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| Concentrates |
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Feeds high in energy, low in fibre and highly digestible, for example, barley, oats, wheat, canola meal, soybean meal and molasses.
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| Conditioners |
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Equipment that improves compressibility and binding of feed mixtures by controlling variables such as heat, moisture and time.
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| Continuous rendering |
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Most common method of rendering whereby a continuous flow of shredded raw animal by-products are cooked/dried.
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| Control |
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A device used to regulate the function of a unit (See Hydraulic control, Manual control, Mechanical control, and Compensator control).
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| Control console |
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Fabricated metal cabinet housing buttons and switches for the control of a machine center.
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| Control valve |
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A device that controls the flow of liquids or gases.
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| Conventional Chemical “West Chemistry” Analysis |
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Traditional laboratory methods used to analyze feed samples involving various chemical, drying, burning procedures to determine the major chemical components within the feed sample.
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| Cookers |
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Cookers are used in aquafeeds for steaming/cooking feeds to assist with water stability through starch gelatinisation.
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| Coolers |
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Coolers/Dryers reduce the temperature of feed pellets to ambient(or less) and/or reduce the moisture content to 10-12%(or less). Two basic types exist, horizontal and vertical.
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| Copra Meal |
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Is the dried meat, or kernel, of the coconut. Used as an animal feed especially among horse enthusiasts.
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| Corn |
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Also known as Maize, is a cereal grain. In the United States and Canada, the primary use for maize is as a feed for livestock, forage, silage or grain.
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| Cottonseed Hulls |
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Parts of the cottonseed head that is left after the cotton and meal have been extracted. Normally considered to be a very low quality feed for ruminants.
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| Cottonseed Meal |
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The byproduct remaining after cotton lint is removed, the seeds crushed and the oil extracted. The remaining meal is usually used for animal feed. However, the meal contains a compound called gossypol which at a certain levels can only be tolerated by adult ruminants.
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| Cottonseed Whole |
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Whole cottonseed may be used as a feed for mature cattle. It is usually soaked in water and fed in small quantities as a supplement to green feed.
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| Counterbalance valve |
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A pressure control valve which maintains back pressure to prevent a load from falling.
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| Counterbore depth |
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Counterbore depth
Also known as Relief. Refers to different shapes and depth configurations of the outlets of a pellet die hole. Types include: Straight/Standard, Tapered and Variable Counterbore.
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| Countersunk inlet |
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Inlets in a pellet die that have been countersunk, normally 55 to 60 degrees. Acts to encourage material into the holes of the pellet die.
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| Cracking pressure |
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The pressure at which a pressure actuated valve begins to pass fluid.
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| Crude fibre |
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A chemical method used to describe the indigestible portion of plant material. Not a useful value for analyzing feeds for ruminants but still commonly used for monogastrics.
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| Crude Protein |
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The total amount of protein present as calculated from the total nitrogen present.
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| Crumblers |
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A crumbler is a roller mill with rolls specially designed for breaking up pellets into smaller particles. Usually the crumbler consists of two corrugated rolls situated below the cooler/drier exit.
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| Cud |
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A mouthful of previously swallowed food, regurgitated from the first stomach of ruminants. The cud is then chewed again further breaking it down for digestion.
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| Cure |
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To change the properties of an adhesive by chemical reaction (which may be condensation, polymerization, or vulcanization) and thereby develop maximum strength. Usually accomplished by the action of heat or a catalyst with or without pressure.
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| Cushion |
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A device sometimes built into the ends of a hydraulic or pneumatic cylinder which restricts the flow of fluid at the outlet port, thereby arresting the motion of the piston rod.
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| Cylinder |
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A device which converts fluid power or air into linear mechanical force and motion. It usually consists of a movable element such as a piston and piston rod, plunger rod, plunger or ram, operating within a cylindrical bore.
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